Risk Assessment of Telecommunication Industry †Free Sample

Question: Examine about theRisk Assessment of Telecommunication Industry. Answer: Presentation: EA Partners have chosen to face a challenge evaluation report and review plan and readiness of Mobile Australia Pvt Ltd, another firm beginning as assembling cum administration giving in the telecom and portable industry of Australia. The new contestant is constantly required to follow industry rules and standards for better endurance. The procedure of the new organization is extremely striking as not very many organizations manage both assembling portable set just as telecom specialist organization arrangement. Hazard Assessment: The hazard appraisal process remembers comprehension of the natural dangers for a media transmission and innovation organization. The hazard evaluation report on this firm is set up just because for dealing with its review plan and planning. The business rivalry is the greatest hazard in the business separated from the contribution of OTT (Over the Top) players. The new participant is only one year old and hope to become quick in this new period of 4G and the approaching time of 5G which are still in beginning stage and the new companys target will be to develop and stay up with other large players in the Australian telecom and versatile market like Optus, Telstra, Vodafone as specialist organization and Apple, Samsung, Sony, Nokia, Microsoft, and so forth (telecomitalia, 2016). The appraisal of the present market situation and development desire will uncover the business chance for the organization wile 4G LTE and 4G VoLTE administration is in offering from different significant administrators in the market. Evaluation of the capacity of new companys the board and especially the Board of Directors, an arrangement for hazard appraisal and review plan and readiness rule are to be actualized. The market recommend that the new organization should make the earn back the original investment inside next 3 years time to get a ground in the portable market and specialist organization. Inborn Risk in the Business: The hazard appraisal made by the EA Partners group is to be paid attention to very as they should be investigated with right methodology. Subsequent to contemplating and contrasting and the telecom business it is seen that the accompanying regions are to be dealt with. The Risk Assessment Report including alleviation process in this way arranged by EA Partners is as per the following The telecom mammoths in Australia like Optus and Vodafone and lost an obvious piece of the pie from FY 2014 in spite of the fact that Telstra have held the business by one way or another in spite of the fact that the market is exceptionally stale in such circumstance the new organization needs to center to give something new in contrast with what the current players were given yet notwithstanding that the market got bit stale as practically 86% of the Australian family unit is having Smartphones and advanced associations. In general income developments have dropped by 1% for FY 2014. The new organization needs to set up a major battle by the method of broad push deals and making overall population mindful of their new section in the effectively stale telecom industry despite the fact that the staleness is brief stage. Moderation for this situation to be finished by making the current endorser base easing back comprehend the regions where the enormous players dont deal with yet new organization will do as such, consequently the making of chance is prompted (willistowerswatson, 2016). The portable market have developed by 132% and there is excellent interest in spite of dormancy which implies handset showcase is as yet blasting. The new organization is to take hard lines for advancement of their handset with bunches of advancement and complimentary gifts to get a considerable starting piece of the overall industry where Samsung and Apple are the market heads in Australia. Alleviation for this situation is to be finished by direct showcasing and advancement in forceful way. The current players like Telstra have 16 million endorsers having 61% piece of the pie of income, Optus have 9.4 million supporters and Vodafone have around 5 million supporters. The endorser base of Vodafone have dropped generously from 7.6 million out of 2010 to 5 million out of 2014 in view of system disappointments the supporters moved their base with others. Subsequently it is to be investigated by new organization that the new assistance in this way to be given must be without disappointment to the most extreme (Wigginton, 2015). The advertising should be extremely forceful by method of direct showcasing for giving broadband and WIFI which is well known and sought after. There must be something new in the bundle given according to the expectation and genuine interest of the supporters with different players. The media review by Deloitte in 2016 have mentioned certain objective facts which expresses that 25% of ladies have inclusion in advanced amusement in online life while just 17% men are doing same. Along these lines it shows that use of good telecom supplier and portable handset with all offices yet at sensible cost is required. Thus the market is especially there for the new organization to develop around there and it is recommended to focus on this client base broadly to make development and for the most part the age gatherings will 14-26, 27-32, 33-49 and 50-68 (dnvgl, 2012). This interest of web based life is appearing quick and sought after. The market for advanced cells developed by half from 2015. 69% are extremely advantageous on choice of their gadgets for the utilization of their advanced interest. Moderation for this situation will be to utilize request of right gadget where the open door lies and can be effortlessly misused by the new organization (protiviti, 2012). The Deloitte concentrate additionally emphasized that online life computerized request is the key territories where cell phones are still in extraordinary interest thus the open door is open and better advanced help is normal from all age gatherings. Moderation for this situation will be to focus on the whole school going and office going client base by free help and better assistance. Hazard Assessment by Auditors: The underlying report by the EA accomplice senior evaluator with full conversation with the group in regards to innate and current danger of the business is expressed underneath A nitty gritty report is to be set up by the EA accomplices to analyze the development portion of the current players and the development system of the new organization vis- - vis different players in the Australian telecom and versatile handset industry. A market review to be directed by the organization to evaluate the interest idea of various hand set and genuine interest or real desire for the general clients and a different study to be led to discover the genuine encounter and genuine desires for the Australian clients from the telecom players existed (Ey, 2014). Their new desires are to be evaluated to discover the territory where the new organization can without much of a stretch spot itself in correlation with the current players both in telecom industry and portable handset where as of now OTT players also new contestants from China, India are making advances in different world markets. The overview likewise needs to discover and fix a time span for promoting the new items with advancements and with what arrangement to be followed to make the acquaintance of the new items with the Australian existing business sector with right methodology of advertising and deals advancement technique (Spark, 2016). The following activity incorporates is to make arrangement and planning of the review of the new organization with the goal that it tends to be surveyed to realize that whether the beginning up is the correct way or what amendments are required to make any unfortunate behavior right and to devise the correct advances (VIZCAYNO, 2012). The review plan and readiness is to be founded on the accompanying organization To contemplate the whole reports arranged and the configurations followed. To consider the assembling arrangement strategies and the whole design arranging just as office format arranging is to be read for better office the executives. To consider the Marketing procedure followed throughout the previous one year to market and advancement of the new versatile handset and administration gave. To examine the legal compliances followed and if any more to be done here. To consider the Taxation compliances followed and if any system set up is planned for. To contemplate the whole work force subtleties if their ideal experience and capabilities are correct and as per the genuine necessity for the new organization to contend and endure the economic situations as the faculty assumes the most significant job in the development of any industry at all. The chain of command is to be concentrated likewise to see the correct situation with showcase necessity for making an incredible advance in the whole Australian market. To consider the managerial arrangement and rules planned and followed for better and right working. To concentrate all advantages and liabilities are as per the real prerequisite and furthermore the records, preliminary parity, benefit and misfortune record and Balance Sheet is effectively arranged and all bookkeeping strategies are correct and with right bookkeeping bundle. To consider the most significant part of another business is to decide the expense and cost engaged with every activity or occupation work and to propose negligible association to come to the breakeven in the briefest conceivable time by cost control from starting stage (Sara Benolken, 2016). End: The said systems are point by point to the whole group dealing with the review and hazard evaluation. The hazard territories are to be featured and the proposals on control techniques are to be given to make this new firm progressively suitable and supporting in the portable producer and specialist organization industry. The market isn't required to give a colossal benefit for the new contestant due to authorizing standards and offering of the administration dependent on renting system. It is seen that in the event that the desires are satisfied, at that point the current supporters will change their base with the new organization. Thus client certainty is the key factor for development. For this situation is additionally to be trailed by forceful showcasing and focusing on a little however conceivable oppressed client base who are not happy with existing players. References: Dnvgl, 2012. Key Sustainability Risks and Challenges in the Telecommunications Sector. [Online] blogs.dnvgl

Arts Marketing Essay Example For Students

Expressions Marketing Essay Todays expressions directors are very much educated about current promoting hypothesis and recognize its vital significance tort human expressions. Numerous to them have gained their promoting information by examining standard showcasing reading material just as particular distributions on expressions advertising and by following courses (Barrooms 1 998), The expansion of expressions showcasing has been joined by an expanding number of scholastic distributions. Many books have been distributed regarding this matter (e. G. Make et al, 1980; Kettle Chefs 1997; Barrooms 1998; Kettle 1398; Kola 2000; Collect et al. 2001; Klein 2001) and an expanding number f articles are being distributed in driving diaries (Renascence 20021 Renascences assessment of these distributions shows that the concentration during the previous decades has advanced from promoting as an utilitarian device to an attention on showcasing as a business reasoning and methodology. During the previous 25 years, expressions showcasing appears to have formed into an experienced scholarly control (Renascence 2002). Renascence (2002) recognizes the distributions of Kettle and Chefs (1997) and Kettle and Kettle (1998) as driving writings on vital expressions advertising that have assisted with expanding the enthusiasm for promoting as a business theory. As per these writings, expressions advertising software engineer should start by tending to central inquiries, for example, Moo is the International Journal of Cultural Policy, Volvo. 12, No. 1, 2006 SINS 1028-6632 print/SINS 1477-2833 online 106/010073-20 c 2006 Taylor Francis DOI: 10, 1080/10286630600613333 74 MIRANDA BARROOMS client? What does the client esteem? Furthermore, how might we make more an incentive for the client? (Pot Chefs 1997, p. 31). The creators advance a client focused authoritative outlook, which necessitates that human expressions association deliberately examines purchasers needs and needs, recognitions and mentalities, just as their inclinations and levels of fulfillment, and follows up on this data to improve tank is off ered (Kettle Chefs 1997, p. 34). They expect that the client esteem approach, Which has end up being fruitful in business, is additionally the best methodology for advertising expressions of the human experience as long as it is applied Within the requirements Of the creative crucial. The essential rule of the client esteem approach is that the support of clients is best pulled in by the production Of significant worth for these clients. This line Of reasoning appears to be conceivable, yet isn't undisputed. There is some proof that exhibition can likewise decrease when expressions associations are too client centered. Voss and Voss (2000), for instance, estimated the effect of item direction and client direction on supporter ticket deals, complete pay and net excess/deficiency in proficient theaters, and found that client direction brings about a negative relationship with these exhibition rules. These discoveries demonstrate that the client approach appears to have restrictions. 1 Other researchers, for example, Cast (2003) and Nielsen (2003) go much further and propose key complaints o the selection of systematic language and ways of thinking in expressions of the human experience scene. They guarantee this definitely builds the hazard to making imaginative penances. Cast (2003, p, 58) unequivocally cautions that an efficient methodology will prompt the creation of safe, customer situated expressions items which, at long last, may not be what the crowd either needs or needs. This unintended impact can be known as expressions of the human experience advertising trap. The bodies of evidence for and against the client esteem approach are both all around considered. The two perspectives contain significant facts. Along these lines it isn't savvy to dismiss the client esteem approach rashly, or o duplicate the showcasing theory of business aimlessly. Additionally, there is no uncertainty that most craftsmen and expressions associations need a group of people and that crowd building is one Of the principle errands Of expressions the board. The inquiry at that point emerges concerning how to actualize a client focused outlook at the key degree Of expressions associations Without winding up confronting human expressions showcasing entanglement. This article investigates the inquiry by consolidating expressions promoting thoughts with some ongoing experiences from philosophical and mental style and proposes a vital idea for expressions advertising that adjusts client esteem tit masterful worth. Avoiding or Bridging the Arts Marketing Pitfall? Driving course books, for example, Kettle and Chefs (1997), Kettle and Kettle (1998), Collect et al. 2001) and Klein (2001) otter methodical and down to earth outlines of how current promoting information can be applied to expressions of the human experience. The writers of these reading material have perceived expressions of the human experience advertising trap and have built up a line of intuition expected to dodge it, Like most expressions promoting researchers, they reject the m asterful item the center item from expressions of the human experience showcasing task. Pot and Chefs (1 997, p. 34) propose that the client focused methodology would not be applied to the fine art itself, however rather applied to the manner in which the work is depicted, valued, bundled, improved and conveyed. They characterize a client focused association as one that bends over backward to detect, serve, and fulfill the necessities and needs of its customers and publics inside the requirements of its crucial spending plan (Kettle Chefs 1997, p. 36). The job of expressions promoting is viewed as one of in a roundabout way supporting the achievement Of human expressions associations creative crucial expanding participation and producing reserves, yet not one that characterizes that strategic (Kettle 1998, p. 22). Gather (2003) states: The creative item doesn't exist to satisfy a market need Instead of looking to address buyers issues by offering them an item they want, expressions of the human experience supervisor looks for buyers who are pulled in to the item, These perspectives on expressions showcasing and the arrangements intended to sidestep human expressions advertising trap depend on the (understood) presumption of a sentimental origination of workmanship as a self-governing wonder. With the presumption of self-governance, imaginative creation and expressions showcasing can be characterized as free errands, each keeping up its own rationale and duties. This eventually assumes expressions of the human experience showcasing errand of finding and building crowds can be embraced without influencing or changing the aesthetic outcomes. From an administrative perspective, this is an advantageous stand, yet tragically it is conflicted in relation to ongoing improvements inside philosophical style. Contemporary logicians of workmanship have become increasingly more condemning of the idea of self-governing craftsmanship. The self-rule of craftsmanship is a pioneer idea. As per Invite (2001), innovators incline toward the view that workmanship is an independent marvel and it tan be characterized based on inborn properties. They accept that there are clear limits that recognize workmanship from life. Since the postmodern turn, Which occurred during the second 50% of the Pointiest century, human expressions and philosophical idea about craftsmanship appear to have moved further and further away from this view (e. G. Schaeffer 1998; Invite 2001). These days expressions of the human experience are viewed as a socially and socially inserted marvel and thought about the result of social connection. This social view has suggestions for the idea of aesthetic worth. The suspicion that creative worth can be acknowledged self-rulingly, freely of the support f expressions buyers, is not, at this point legitimate, Artistic worth goes past the item as far as its structure. Helmsman (2001), for example, advocates the realist see inside philosophical style dependent on the heritage of Dewey as speaking to a great purpose of flight for todays tasteful reasoning. For this sober mindedness, the experience of craftsmanship ? what's more, not simply the antiquity ? is the last rule to artistic_ esteem (Steersman 2001 , p. 101). The scholar Schaeffer (1998, p. 47) likewise underscores the significance of the experience of workmanship and cases that in todays world the connection between craftsmanship making and gathering can no monger be disregarded or thought about extraneous profoundly of workmanship as workmanship. 2 Within the social point of view, cosmogonist and aestheticism can be recognized as adversary sees on creative worth (Kiering 2001). These perspectives concur on the thought that the estimation of craftsmanship lies in its inspiration of a particular reaction, yet they ivory with various originations of this reaction. Aestheticism stress the uniqueness of stylish delight and cosmogonists point to a specific psychological emotional reaction. As per Kiering the two perspectives contain significant realities about the estimation of craftsmanship and ought to be treated as integral lines of reasoning the suitability Of either relies on the specific works of art and types, running from unique workmanship and unadulterated music to authentic fine arts, for example, film and writing. The two perspectives, in any case, imply that a gem needs the encounter with a crowd of people to have the option to work as craftsmanship and to contribute as such to the accomplishment Of the masterful Objectives. In this article, the social point of view is received and it is assumed that workmanship creation and utilization are basically open acts. Workmanship creation is comprehended as a particular type of language development the production of new, genuine connectors which separate existing stylish image frameworks an d make new ones (Goodman 1976; Ebbing 2002, up. 28-29). The workmanship customer assumes an essential job in the last phase of this procedure. Craftsmanship utilization is the standard the touchstone that decides if a significant new representation is made (Barrooms I egg, 2002). The Oak Tree: An image for America EssayDeduction doesn't bring about the formation of new significance. This can possibly emerge when the shopper settle the strain between the tactile impression of the new similitude and their own perspective by methods for their creative powers in free play, which is to be liberated from a partial assurance situated in previous ideas and outside interes

As Marathon

MIT And/As Marathon Tomorrow, I will roll out of bed, eat some oatmeal, and put on a pair of sweatpants Ill wear exactly once. Ill board a yellow schoolbus and try to snag the one solo seat, all the way in the back and to the left, just like I did in high school. That bus will bring me, and a few dozen strangers, to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where we, and thousands more of us, brought by hundreds of yellow schoolbuses, will gather on a field near the starting line of the Boston Marathon. The ground will be cold, and probably muddy, which is why Ill be wearing the sweatpants â€"  the ones Ill only wear once â€" over my running shorts. Ill sit and stretch for awhile, and maybe eat a banana, even though I hate the taste, and gauge the restroom lines to strategize how last-minute I can rush to pee before the last-minute rush to pee begins. Around 10:45AM, I will gather my things, take off my sweatpants, and give them to a smiling volunteer holding an enormous bag full of other sweatpants, many of which have also been worn only once. Behind the volunteer, there will be big piles of big bags of these clothes, and they will all look soft and warm and inviting in the same way the ground is not. When you run the Boston Marathon, you are assigned to a wave and a corral. Im wave 4, corral 4. It used to bother me that we were organized by a mixed metaphor â€" fluids move in waves, but cattle move in corrals â€" but now it makes sense. The wave describes the way that you and other runners leaving at your time will sort of swirl, in a consistent but chaotic fashion, down the road from Hopkinton High toward the starting line, where actual corrals, i.e. lines of metal bars, will split the wave lengthwise, guiding us as we plod stupidly toward the start. I will look around for my mom and dad, who always try to see me off; last year, my mom found a cowbell, somewhere, and would ring it from wherever she was, which really accentuated the whole herd-animal dynamic of it all. But it was very adorable. Then, I will run, jog, walk, and/or hobble 26.2 miles, from Hopkinton on through Ashland, Framingham, Natick, Wellesley, Newton, Brookline, and finally Boston; if I am fortunate enough to finish, I will eventually turn right on Hereford and left on Boylston, crossing the finish line outside the Boston Public Library sometime between four and five hours after I begin. This is the third year I have run the Boston Marathon as a member of Team MR8, the charity team that runs on behalf of the Martin Richard Foundation. It is also the third year since Martin, who was my friend, was killed, on April 15, 2013, in the bombing of the Boston Marathon, and the third year since the Tsarnaev brothers, three days later, shot Sean Collier outside the Stata Center at the intersection of Vassar and Main, now memorialized as Collier Square. It is the third year since I graduated from MIT, in June of 2013. It is also the third time I have tried to write this blog post sharing what MIT taught me about the Marathon, and what the Marathon taught me about MIT. Unlike many people who read the blogs, I did not grow up dreaming of attending MIT. I liked reading and writing more than math and science. As a student, I was intelligent but somewhat lazy; I did reasonably well in my classes without studying much, and when I did poorly on certain tests or subjects, I would shrug and figure I just wasnt ‘naturally good at e.g. math. This attitude and ability and excess of self-confidence was sufficient to get me through secondary school and my undergraduate education. It was not enough to get me through MIT. I enrolled as a graduate student in Comparative Media Studies in Fall 2012. When I arrived at orientation that August I was confident, enthusiastic, and happy. I had been at MIT as a staff member for a few years, knew my way around the Institute, and had audited a few CMS courses as an employee. I am a local guy and close, both emotionally and geographically, to my family, friends, and social support system. I had a background in the field I was studying, I had a thesis topic everyone (including me) thought was interesting, and I had been matched to a research group led by an intellectual hero of mine. I had everything going for me and I knew it. That feelingâ€"of personal and intellectual confidence, of my own unquestioned and unquestionable ability to thrive at MITâ€"lasted for maybe six weeks. Then,  I hit the wall. In endurance sports such as cycling and running, hitting the wall or the bonk describes a condition caused by the depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and muscles, which manifests itself by sudden fatigue and loss of energy.  (Wikipedia) It was October, and I had turned in my first paper to Jeff Ravel, a historian of media and social change. It was a short response to a reading about the (surprisingly) heterogeneous religious beliefs of a 14th century Italian miller. I had written what I thought was a pretty good, snappy essay, the sort of essay that routinely earned me As in my high school and college social studies classes. Jeff had filled the margins with constructive, brutal critique, the kind that leaves you feeling at once grateful for the insight and foolish for ever having thought your idea was any good at all. Across the bottom he wrote that maybe we should meet, because he was concerned about my ability to do well in the class if this was the kind of work I thought was acceptable to hand in for a grad school paper. And he gave me what I am pretty sure was the lowest grade in the class. When Id gotten bad grades before, it was either a) in a subject I felt I was bad at or b) on an assignment I felt I had sort of mailed in. But I had never, or almost never, earned a bad grade in an area of my strength on an assignment Id thought Id nailed, and Id never had my ability to complete a course questioned by anyone, especially myself. Heres what made it worse: this kind of thing was happening in all of my courses, and all of my research, all at once. After a lifetime of being smart and good at school â€" the thing that had made me admissible to MIT â€" I started getting things wrong in the classroom and in the lab. The assumptions I had taken for granted were suddenly complex and problematic. I could no longer walk into a room with the swagger of someone accustomed to believing they were one of the smartest people in it. It felt like everything about my identity was collapsing at once. If my life before MIT had been walking down a smooth, pleasant forest path, it was if I had been unexpectedly confronted by a sheer, smooth rock wall with no discernible points of purchase and no way over except for up. I did not know how to respond constructively to this kind of challenge. For a while, I flailed. I would come to class or to the lab, read, and try to contribute, but it was all done with a kind of self-consciousness that left me constantly distrusting and wrongfooting myself. Then I would go home to my apartment in Watertown and read, and read, and read, and try to make notes of my thoughts, and try to assemble those thoughts into a thesis, and keep thinking that if I read just one more thing it would all click and my thesis would be good, and so would the rest of my ideas. Of course, it doesnt work this way. What did work was this: one day, in January, I started writing my thesis. I wrote a few paragraphs and I rewrote them. And I wrote some more. I took a break and wrote some other stuff. Then I came back and wrote some more of my thesis. I kept doing that, a few hours at a time, every day that I could manage. I started to feel like I was building a little machine made out of my ideas. When I finished a part, I would give it to my thesis committee, and they would give it back to me and point to all the places where the little idea machine was broken. And I would take it apart and move things around until it started working better. The idea machine slowly got bigger, and it got stronger, and by April it had become a medium-sized idea machine, and the intellectual wiring no longer electrocuted everyone who touched it. Something else was happening too. I had always believed that I was ‘naturally good at some things, like reading and writing, and ‘naturally bad at others, like math and programming. I had always believed this because it had been my deeply-felt and lived experience: that I had immutable intellectual strengths and weaknesses. But now that MIT had shown me I was no longer ‘naturally good at anything, suddenly the things I had always been naturally ‘bad at didnt seem categorically different. As my friend Kasia put it, I suddenly started identifying myself less by innate intelligence and more by resilience and perseverance. So when I decided I wanted to make a Twitter bot for my final project in CMS.951, the prospect of teaching myself enough Python to do so, despite having failed at every prior attempt at learning to code in my life, no longer seemed impossible; rather, it no longer seemed less possible than the other things I simply had to do. On April 5th, 2013, I presented on my thesis. Ten days later, while I was working on it in the lab, the Marathon was bombed, and Martin was killed, and his sister lost a leg, and his brother lost a brother, and his parents lost a son, among countless other things, and I lost a friend. Three days after that, MIT lost Sean, and I lost sleep, 36 hours awake on lockdown in Watertown with helicopters pounding ceaselessly overhead. In retrospect, I almost lost my mind. My memories of the weeks between the bombing and my graduation are like shards of glass, vivid and prismatic and sharp. Working with Catherine and Rodrigo and Rahul and Nathan and Erhardt in Civic to launch a crowdfunding campaign for the Richards; Jim Paradis of CMS/W wordlessly watching us do so and then making the first, generous donation; Shannon Larkin of CMS/W and Blanche Staton of ODGE arranging a meeting to extend my thesis deadline and see what they could do to help support me; my research advisor, Ethan Zuckerman, gathering me into a huge, crushing hug; pulling another all-nighter the day before my thesis was due to finish formatting the citations and print it on the official MIT thesis paper. And then my graduation, heavily raining and unseasonably cold, having completed the task (i.e., graduating) but without feeling any sense of accomplishment. In fact, all I felt was sort of spent, and exhausted, and fragile, and hurt. We went on a family trip that summer to celebrate my graduation. When my dad got the pictures back, he called me, and he said, You know, the pictures are nice, but its weird: youre not smiling in nearly any of them. Sometimes, it just takes time to heal. Unlike many people who run, I did not grow up dreaming of running Boston. In fact, I grew up hating running. I was bad at it, like my father before me, and like his father before him. It was the family business: we had broad shoulders and skinny legs and flat feet and bad cholesterol and basically all manner of biomechanical disadvantage in the locomotion department. When I had to run the mile in high school gym class, it took me 12 minutes, and then I barfed. The furthest I had ever run in my life was five begrudging miles at a road race organized by my extended family. The last picture I have of Martin and me is from that race. The first time I ran with purpose was Saturday, April 20th, of 2013. I remember, because Monday Martin was killed, and Thursday Sean was shot, and I didnt sleep that night, and Friday was the manhunt, and then I slept for twelve hours, from nine to nine. I awoke Saturday and everything was quiet; it was the first time since Monday that I didnt hear helicopters. I walked down Church St, past the ATM the Tsarnaev brothers had used on Thursday, and down to Watertown Square, where you can cross the Charles on a footbridge. Its here that the Charles River Trail  begins, an 18-mile loop from Watertown Square down past Harvard and MIT to the Museum of Science and back again on the Boston side. The police were gone but the barricades were still there, stacked by the sidewalk. I tightened my sneakers, loosened my muscles, and went for a run. I only went a half-mile or so before I turned around and came back. It was all I could do, then, but I did it. I ran all that summer and into the fall. First a mile, then a mile and a half, then two. I signed up for an autumn half-marathon to force myself to keep training. I was so scared of just signing up that I accidentally canceled the registration twice before submitting it. In October, I applied to run the 2014 Boston Marathon as a charity runner for Team MR8. In November, I turned 27, and was given a spot on the team. In December, I moved to Cambridge, and I started running the same route, just from the other end of the river. That winter was one of the coldest in Boston history. I ran mostly along the river and sometimes, when it was too icy outside, ran endless laps of the MIT indoor track, mentally planning what I would do in the case of a zombie apocalypse. I listened to a lot of metal and ate a lot of Sour Patch Kids. Sometimes, during those long and lonely hours, Id look at the Citgo sign, or at MIT, or think of Martin, or Jane, or Sean, and start crying, just sobbing and slogging and sweating and snotting, a pathetic mess of literal and metaphorical goo, plodding along the river. But somehow, over 18 weeks, my long runs gradually, impossibly progressed, from five to ten to fifteen to twenty miles. Not because I wanted to, but because, as I told Radio Boston  the week before race, I felt I had to; that I never had a choice in the matter. And then April came, and I went to Hopkinton, gave away my first pair of single-use sweatpants, and ran the Marathon. It did not go particularly well. I hadnt trained on hills, and the course is notably hilly; it had been a cold winter, but that spring day was north of 70F. Around mile 17, my quads cramped, and then my calves, and I started to limp for the remaining 9.2 miles. At Hereford St, I stopped to stretch, and my whole body seized up; I fell to the ground and lay there twitching for a bit, unable to move. I was exhausted, completely and utterly empty, so tired that I was basically subhuman, but something deep in my lizard brain reminded me that, no matter what, I could just put one foot in front of the other for as long as is necessary. I got up, and made it across the finish line, stopping at the two trees wreathed in flowers along Boylston, five hours and seventeen minutes after I began. My friends and family were overflowing with joy; I was an empty cup, as cold and tired as I had been on my graduation day, and as unfulfilled by my achievement. I didnt want my memory of the Marathon, or my memory of Team MR8, to end like that. Last winter was the snowiest in Boston history. I ran through footpaths cut into snowbanks higher than my head. My facial hair froze. I ran down Mass Ave, across the river, and onto the route, training on the hills that had defeated me the year before. I slept more and ate better. Helicopters no longer made me flinch. When last April came, I wore the sweatpants for as long as I could before giving them away, because it was 40F and raining on race day. I cramped on the hills again, but less badly, and although there were fewer spectators, they cheered louder. I let their cheers sweep me down Beacon, up Hereford, and down Boylston. I finished in four hours and thirty-seven minutes, and even though it was slower than I had hoped, I still felt like I had won the whole thing. This winter was mild and easy. I trained harder, and ate less, trying to gain speed and lose weight at the same time, doing too much with too little. On March 12th, while on a morning run, I felt a pain on the right side of my knee. I took a few days off, but then it came back. I practiced yoga, saw a physical therapist, got a massage. I tried to run my 20 miler and could barely cover the ground walking. I was diagnosed with an overuse injury in my right IT band. Last Wednesday, I got a cortisone shot in my knee from an orthopedist who is also running the marathon. He told me it will help with the pain on race day, but it wont fix the problem. Despite all my effort (and perhaps because of it), this isnt a problem I can outwork. The only thing that will fix this problem, he said, is rest. Sometimes, it just takes time to heal. I often tell prospective students that attending MIT was the most challenging and most rewarding thing I have ever done, and the most rewarding because it was the most challenging. This is true, but it is incomplete, because it is impossible for me to separate MIT from the Marathon. They fit together, like two pieces of the same puzzle, or maybe like two puzzles that solve each other. MIT taught me that I could do things I didnt think I could do, things that seemed impossible, by breaking big problems up into small ones. I couldnt contemplate writing a thesis, but I could write a sentence, and then another one; I couldnt contemplate running a marathon, but I could take a step, and then another one. I later learned that this insight is core to what is sometimes called computational thinking, at least as it is taught here at MIT, and it changed the way that I identify, approach, and begin to solve problems in many domains of my life. To quote EL Doctorow: “its like driving your car at night. You can never see further than your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.” MIT also taught me that you dont become capable of doing hard things before doing them; you become capable of doing hard things by doing them. Emerson wrote: “do the thing, and you will be given the power.” The Stoics believed that what stands in the way becomes the way: it is only by moving to it, through it, and ultimately with it, that you get anywhere. I used to think I wasnt capable of programming; now, I make Twitter bots for fun. This is what “learning by doing” means to me. A few years ago, I wasnt capable of running a marathon. But I went out, and I ran, and the slopes of the hills mixed with the muscles in my legs, and now that strength is inside me. I have done the thing, and I have been given the power. In Infinite Jest, David Foster Wallace wrote that the key to staying sober as an addict in recovery is to: “keep coming, and you sweep floors and scrub out ashtrays and fill stained steel urns with hideous coffee, and you keep getting ritually down on your big knees every morning and night asking for help from a sky that still seems a burnished shield against all who would ask aid of itbut the old guys say it doesnt yet matter what you believe or dont believe, Just Do It they say, and like a shock-trained organism without any kind of independent human will you do exactly like youre told, you keep coming and coming, nightly.” Ive come to believe that this is the only way to do anything thats truly difficult but still worth doing. MIT made it possible for me to run the Marathon. Looking back, though, the Marathon has made me understand things that I wish I had known while I had been a grad student at MIT. Training for a marathon has taught me the importance of sleep and nutrition, because if I dont get enough, my body will start to break down. When I was a grad student, I didnt make time for sleep or exercise, or to eat right, and my brain suffered for it, because Descartes was wrong about dualism, and we must take care of our whole selves for any part of ourselves to improve. It is possible to overtrain your brain as much as you can overtrain your body. Ive done both. Sometimes, knowing your limits is the only way you can expand them, like gently stretching a tight muscle rather than quickly snapping it. Training for a marathon has also taught me about the importance of focusing on the journey, and not the destination. One nice thing about being a charity runner is this: by the time I begin, the people who are going to win the race have already finished, or nearly so. That means that I can focus on doing the best I can for myself under my own conditions. Setting a goal is important: if I had never set a goal to run the marathon, I would have never started training. If I hadnt set a goal to graduate from MIT on time, I would have never made it through those last few weeks in 2013. But focus too much on the goal itself, and achieving it can be anticlimactic, as when professors get depressed immediately after earning tenure. Over the last few years, Ive tried to do what Joi Ito sometimes calls following compasses over maps: trying to move forward in a direction that I want to go, as opposed to trying to follow a particular set path toward a particular destination that I may not like when I arrive there. If you take this philosophy and combine it with the computational approach, it means trying to be a bit smarter, a bit kinder, a bit more thoughtful, a bit more steadfast, every day, and trusting/hoping/believing that doing those things are going to get me where I need to be, a place I like being. Its trying to find the optimal balance between being comfortable, being complacent, and being challenged. This is the third time Ive tried to write this, and I wrote it for three reasons. For the Class of 2020: I want you to understand what MIT will take from you, and what it will leave you with. It will likely change you, in ways that you do not expect and in ways that many (though not all) of you cannot now understand. For me, this change was worth it. I would do grad school at MIT ten times out of ten. I am a better, more thoughtful, more capable person for it. If I had known then what I know now about what it would be like, how to solve hard problems, and how to care for myself, I would have been able to do MIT better, and I want to share that with you now. For current MIT students, particularly the 2016s who may soon be feeling like I did one June three years ago about their time at the Institute of Smashing: it gets better. I believe that most, hopefully all, of you will one day feel like I now do. If you dont feel it now, remember: it will take my body some time to recover from training for and running a marathon; it took my person some time to recover from studying at and graduating from MIT. Sometimes, it just takes time to heal. The last reason I wrote this was for me: for therapy, for processing, for trying to make sense of this place, for trying to make sense of this race, for trying to make sense of this world and all of its chaos. In that class I took with Jeff, the one that really shook my identity, I read a paper by the economist Robert Heilbroner, who  wrote that social scientists are driven to discover/uncover patterns in human behavior because history as contingency is too much for the human spirit to bear. And yet anthropologists have taught us that what is common to humans is not any underlying pattern that we think we see, but rather the meta-pattern of seeing-patterns. The world doesnt make sense; we all make sense of it. Over the last three years, I have used MIT and the Marathon to make sense of each other, and, with them both, the rest of the world around me. I dont know what will happen tomorrow; my injury has introduced more uncertainty to an already unknown future. I dont know if Ill run my fastest marathon or my slowest. I dont know if it will be best, my worst, or my last. What I do know is that Ill keep putting one foot in front of the other for as long as it takes to get where Im going, and that Ill try to appreciate every step along the way. edit 4/18: I finished. (Thank you, Lydia, for reading many drafts of this).

Mrs. Robinsons circumstance in Maycomb from To Kill a Mockingbird - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 885 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Level High school Tags: American Literature Essay Character Essay Novel Essay Did you like this example? There comes a time when desperate situations call for desperate measures. A good example is when an older woman tries to seduce a younger boy to get some sexual or physical pleasures from them since from the look of things; she is unlikeable by men within her age bracket this is basically because they are antisocial and do not conform to the ways of the society. This type of women is known as Mrs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mrs. Robinsons circumstance in Maycomb from To Kill a Mockingbird" essay for you Create order Robinson. The title came about in literature and art as it was adopted from the movie,the graduate whereby the character, Mrs. Robinson, earlier known as Mrs. Roosevelt did all she could to help others but she was never concerned about herself. It reaches a point where she commits a crime against morality by trying to seduce a younger man than she. She is seen to be an outcast by the society. She starts by making moves that would attract some attention and in this case it was trying to help others. In the book,to kill a mockingbird the Mrs. Robinson must have been Mayella Violet Ewell. She is a daughter of a civil servant in Maycomb y the name Bob Ewell. Unfortunately, in a society where most people are peasants, civil servants assume high status and they feel that they own the earth and start spending the little money they get very badly. They turn to being cons and drunkards. Bob, due to his pride in the status in the society, becomes a drunkard. He uses all the money that he earns from the government on alcohol and is left to hunt to fend for his family of 8 children. This subjects the family to abject poverty and is alienated from the community. He also rings up his daughter, Mayella as an introvert who does not know how to socialize and does not have friends neither does she conform to the rules of the society since she is presented as not being part of it. Due to Bobs behavior and actions, no one can trust them with anything. The family is also afraid of interacting with the society as they cannot really e accommodated due to their status. Their home is in a mess and no one seems to like it or admire it for it looks so pathetic. Ms. Mayella then decides to at least make the homestead somehow attractive by growing red geraniums around the compound so that they can attract some few children to their lonely compound that never had visitors or neighbors stopping by. This is in a bid to have some beauty in life and to have some little social interaction in her life now that nobody wanted to be associated with her due to her familys poor state and her fathers ruthlessness. This bore fruit as children started passing by and even play around. But still Ms. Mayella is not satisfied with this. She feels she needs to do more than that and at least get closer to a boy even though he might be younger than her. This desperation makes her to seduce Tom Robinson, a small African boy who is among the little children who come to play around at her now somehow attractive home. Ewell does not know how to relate with people at all as she has always been indoors for shame and esteem issues. She did not mind taking advantage of anyone she could easily lure. Her victim was Tom Robinson. One day, she saves up some nickels and sends all other children who were playing around to buy some ice cream and she is left with Tom, who she seduces. Unfortunately, her father sees all these from a window and gets very furious. When she returns home she is heavily punished and beaten up. The father frames Tom to the Sherriff who happened to be his friend and Tom gets arrested. Bob accuses Tom on claims that he had raped his daughter, something that was all cooked up and was practically impossible. However, due to the fathers influence in the society, even though he was not social and the society never had some trust in the family, they still went ahead to defend him at the expense of the poor innocent boy. Toms left arm was disabled and could not actually harm Mrs. Robinson on the right of her face as it Bob tried to prove. Despite all these Tom is arrested and charged in court whereby Mrs. Robinson, having been so naive and antisocial never knew what was right and what was wrong and ended up in the complainants side against Tom. She knew very well she was guilty. Eventually Tom is helped to win the case by Atticus. Atticus is shocked to find out that Mayella Ewell, does not even have any friends and does not actually know what a friend means. From the above explanations, Mayella Ewell is seen as the Mrs. Robinson in the story having seduced a small naive boy and then framing the whole story to present that it was Tom that assaulted her yet it is clear that it was his father. His father loses the case and results to killing everyone who was against him and his family since they were proving that he was evil, which he actually was.

Emotional Intelligence (Ei) Is A Topic That Has Not Been

Emotional intelligence (EI) is a topic that has not been completely explored because organisations do not see it as a current need, unless the role itself requires a measure. For this reason, it is a debated topic and still being researched. This essay will analyse the value of testing emotional intelligence during the employee selection process, its benefits and drawbacks, and the implications for the organisations to ensure testing emotional intelligence is valuable. In terms of employee selection, it is known that a successful process has to evaluate competences, attitudes and personality features using a variety of techniques and methods, to predict a successful job performance (Compton, Morrisey Nankervis 2014, p. 15). Over the†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, social competences are related to social awareness, including empathy, organizational awareness, and service; and relationship management with competences, such as inspirational leadership, influence, conflict management, teamwork collaboration and so on (Cadmand C. Brewer J 2001, p. 322). In terms of measuring EI , different methods have been developed, some of them are performance based and self - report measures. Having said that, the most commonly used was developed by Mayer, Caruso, and Salovey, the emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT) that tests four aspect of EI which are perceiving emotions, facilitating emotions, understanding emotions, and managing emotions. In general, it has proved the relation between IE and some behaviour at work like quality of social relations, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and so on (Herpertz, Nizielski, Hock Schà ¼tz 2016, p. 11). The BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (BarOn EQ-I) is another evaluation of emotional intelligence based on self-report with 15 measurable factors that include general mood, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, stress management, and adaptability (Wakeman 2006, p. 73). According to some academics, testing EI is prone to a socially desirable answer. Herpertz et al. (2016, p. 8) found that results on self-reported Emotional Intelligence test were higher and theyShow MoreRelatedThe Topic Of Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )1495 Words   |  6 Pages The topic of emotional intelligence (EI) has been heavily debated for a number of years. There have been many theories and many different angles of research that psychologists have taken pertaining to EI, but none of that research has been overall conclusive in coming up with factual evidence of the true nature of EI. There have been many different criticisms concerning EI and it’s different methods of understanding. One psychologist says that, The first criticism is hat even if EI studies tap intoRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq ) And Emotional Quotient Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesBobby Lindsey Mrs. Ehlers CollegeNow Comp 151 18 September 2016 Emotional Intelligence Many people ponder about the question â€Å"What is Emotional Intelligence (EI) or Emotional Quotient (EQ) and how is it different from Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?† Many people know about Intelligence Quotient or IQ and they probably hope to have a high one, but they may not realize there is also something called EQ and it plays a role in people’s lives every day. EQ is an important concept to learn and understandRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : An Effective Leadership Skills Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI) is having the ability to recognize, perceive, control, and evaluate one’s emotions. EI is also the ability to see how one’s emotions affect others (Marquis Huston, 2012; Mindtool, 1996-2015). In the healthcare landscape of today, effective leadership skills are critical to an organization. High EI is a skill that effective leaders possess (Sadri, 2012). When a leader has a high EI, they have a clear understanding of their strengths and weaknessesRead MoreIndividual Success and Importance of EI and CI1587 Words   |  7 Pagesnot limited to emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, proactive personality and level of commitment. The topics of emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence are popular for the researchers in the last few decades (Rao 2006). There are number of notations and abbreviations used for both such as CI, IQ, EI and EQ. This essay will use the abbreviations of EI and CI for emotional intelligence and cognit ive intelligence respectively. 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We can expect that with every faucet that goes into negotiation, emotional intelligence ranks higher than most techniques, because it createsRead MorePersonal Reflection On Emotional Intelligence1640 Words   |  7 Pages[Type text] [Type text] [Type text] Rodha Albaker INM407 Reflective Essay Emotional Intelligence- Personal Reflection Introduction and Definition of EI The topic of our group presentation was Emotional Intelligence (EI), a term that refers to the convergence of emotion and intelligence; that is, the ability to recognise one s own emotions and the emotions of others. According to Mayer and Geher (1996). There are physical cues (such as facial expressions and posture) that are universally-acceptedRead MoreDoes Emotional Intelligence Influence Job Satisfaction?1028 Words   |  4 PagesConceptual Framework and Hypotheses Researcher that has been carried out on the topic of emotional intelligence (EI) have revealed findings that link EI with higher achievements of individuals. A study done by Carmeli (2009) indicated that emotional intelligence plays a role in the wellbeing of individuals. Specifically, emotional intelligence is suggested to be an important predictor of crucial organizational consequences such as job satisfaction (Daus Ashkanasy, 2005). Gender is another variableRead MoreRelationship Between Emotional Intelligence And The Theory Of Attrition1355 Words   |  6 Pagesexplores the relationship between emotional intelligence and the following outcomes in nurse and midwifery education: clinical practice performance; academic performance and student retention at the end of year one. The study population was a cohort of student nurses and midwives who applied to commence their training in September 2007. Chapter one provides a background to the research and justifies the study within a professional context. The theory of emotional intelligence and the theory of attritionRead MoreWorking in Teams: A Study1683 Words   |  7 Pagesteams: Final project Task 1 Almost everyone has been on a team at some point in his or her existence, either a sports team as a child or a team at work or in school. The language of teamwork suggests that being on a team is innately different than being a member of a group. Teams differ from other type of groups in that members are focused on a joint goal or product, such as a presentation, completing in-class exercises, taking notes, discussing a topic, writing a report, or creating a new designRead MoreEmotional Intelligence On The Workplace1528 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence in the Workplace When most people think of emotional intelligence (EI), they are unsure about what exactly that phrase means. Is it someone who is very emotional? Someone who is very smart? What is it and why is it important in the workplace? Emotional intelligence is a phrase that encompasses many different traits that a person could have as far as maintaining control in the workplace and also how to read people and different things they may be feeling. Emotional intelligence

Com225 Assignment Free Essays

In 3 days, I violated the rules of communications in 3 different situations when messages to welcome myself next to people I did not know were delivered non-verbally. I specifically acted against norms of proxemics. Proxemics is the area of nonverbal communication that focuses on space and distance and a person’s personal space. We will write a custom essay sample on Com225 Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is where you evaluate how intimate the relationship of two people interacting. The closer you get the higher the intimacy level the people must have. Day 1: There was a male student sitting by himself on a bench outside of a lecture hall reading Newspaper.   For the most part, there weren’t any other students around and there were two empty benches nearby. I wanted to see his reaction when I sat next to him very closely and looked over his shoulder to check out what he was reading.   While I looked over the article, he slowly turned his head and looked at me then back at the article.   He then laughed a little and asked what I was doing. I smiled and I didn’t say anything and kept looking at his face.   He was trying to avoid eye contacts with me and prepared to leave. I explained to him what I was doing and about my goal to break norms of nonverbal communication to unsuspecting individuals.   He thought it was funny and said that I definitely did make him feel very uncomfortable as well as very confused. Day 2: The next stop on my nonverbal communication norm-breaking project was in the Student Union.   There were two young women eating dinner at a nearby table.   There was an empty table next to them and students eating at other tables around them.   The two women were mid-conversation when I took a seat next to them at their table.   Not saying a word, I simply sat down and waited. Their initial reaction was confused and they stared at each other.   One of the girls pointed to me and opened her eyes wide to her friend as if to ask â€Å"Do you know her?†Ã‚   When they realized that I was a complete stranger to both of them and just invited myself to sit down and join in their dinner conversation, they started laughing and reacted with a confused â€Å"Hi!†Ã‚   They stared and waited for a response and then I started laughing with them and explained what was going on and why. The two young women said how awkward they felt when a complete stranger joined them at their table for dinner. Day 3: The next stop on my project was in front of my apartment. There was a girl who was talking on the phone. I tried to stay too close to her and then I pretended to listen to her phone conversation. For the first time, she looked at me and she tried to make a little more distance from me. However, I kept going closer to her and thus invaded her personal area. Finally, she went inside of Starbucks. When we found her inside of the coffee shop, she was still using her phone and she kept ignoring us. After her phone conversation, we explained to her about our nonverbal communication project and asked her a question about her feelings.   She said that it was uncomfortable, and she felt that I was invading her privacy and too close to her personal space. From the both situation, people felt that they were surprised and uncomfortable as well. I knew that I did inappropriate things that we normally won’t do in our lives. Intimate distance was invaded as I sat very close to the young man on the bench reading the newspaper and casual distance was made awkward as I put myself at this distance with two young women where I welcome myself at their table same as with a girl who I met in front of Starbucks conversing whom I did not know. The young man sitting on the bench and the talking on the phone prepared to leave or left because I think they don’t want anyone invading their privacy, especially a person they don’t know. The girls on the table were quite confused so I think they thought that I am just being friendly with them so they said â€Å"hi.† I think they did what a normal person would do in those situations. While I’m doing the exercise, I’ve thought that breaking communicative rules like proxemics could result to sending a wrong message. Like what I did when I welcome myself by sitting on a table where two girls were sitting. They conceived a message that I’m being friendly to them. But what if, you just have to sit there because there were no other sits available. The interaction would be unhealthy.          How to cite Com225 Assignment, Essay examples

Slaves And Latin America Essays - Slavery In The United States

Slaves And Latin America Slavery in the Americas was quite diverse. Mining operations in the tropics experienced different needs and suffered different challenges than did plantations in more temperate areas of Northern Brazil or costal citys serving as ports for the exporting of commodities produced on the backs of the enslaved peoples from the African continent. This essay will look at these different situations and explore the factors that determined the treatment of slaves, the consequences of that treatment, and the conditions that lead to resistance by the slaves working in their various capacities. After the initial conquest of Mexico and South America it was time to develop the economy and export the resources that would benefit the monarchy back home in Spain and Portugal. Silver and Gold were two such commodities. Silver mines in Northern Mexico were supervised by blacks who directed the Indians in the arduous task of extracting the precious metal. Gold in Central Mexico was also mined by blacks. The Gold mining regions were hot, tropical, isolated areas of the jungle. The regions were sparsely populated and it was difficult to keep the locals as a work force. The introduction of disease in the tropics made these areas death zones to the indigenous people as they had no resistance to the virulent plagues. There was a need to get cheap or free labor that would be capable of resisting the disease and who would be easier to dominate than the locals who could run off and establish themselves elsewhere relatively easily. The natural answer was to obtain slaves from the African continent. The slave trade was already in operation on the African continent. Coastal cities there often enslaved inland peoples so it was not difficult to obtain the stock and export them to the Americas. Slaves in the mining regions were subject to harsh, isolated conditions. There were few females and little or no community amongst the slaves. Some of the workers did have access to money and as a result could negotiate there freedom for a price. In 1732 1/3 of the African population of Choco was free as a result. Less fortunate slaves who found the conditions unbearable fled to even more isolated areas of the back country to survive on their own or in small colonies. The Sugar plantations of Northern Brazil were a major client of the slave trade. The more temperate climate made of better environmental conditions for the blacks but the work was hard and after working for the plantation the slaves had to work a spot of land for their own sustenance as well. They could sell what they produced and this gave them money with which to effect manumissions. The plantation life had a hierarchy that separated the slaves into three levels with value attached to each one. The lowest level of the hierarchy was the Bozal. These were slave born on the African continent with little or no acculturation with the Spaniards and Portugese who enslaved them. They were of the least value as the least skilled and plenty there were plenty more where they came from. Though they were not completely disposable they were of the least consequence should they die or run off. Next up the pecking order were the Ladino. These slaves had more time in country and had developed skills useful to the plantation owner. They were often in working positions of a bit higher value as well. The top of the chain were the Criollo. These were slaves that were born in Latin America. They were often times offspring of Spaniards or Portugese and as such had more ties to the community. Mulattos were not looked down upon as they were in the American south. The Criollo held trusted positions in transportation, and were most often manumitted. Also enjoying frequent manumission was the criollo involved in the processing of the crops. Field hands made up the bulk of the population of any given plantation. They were most often women and very nearly always Bozal. They were rarely able to achieve manumission and the conditions in which they worked were the worst of the plantation economy. Thought they were able to have a social life as the whites really did not care what they did with their own time, they were the most likely to resist their conditions. This is done in a variety of ways which will be discussed later. There was a fairly healthy community

Free Essays on Hamlet Motivation

Hamlet’s Delayed Action *Hamlet is an emotional human being who feels guilt, remorse, and has responsibilities; he also feels pride and a sense of duty. Hamlet’s indecisiveness in killing Claudius is justified through the nature, actions, and beliefs of many characters. The Ghost, Hamlet’s father, explained his death and instructed Hamlet to kill Claudius. Hamlet describes the Ghost as, "My father's spirit in arms! All is not well" (1.2). Hamlet says in act one, scene five, â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge† (1.5). Hamlet feels passionate about his role until he has time to recollect. Upon recollection Hamlet considers that this may be an evil ghost so he delays killing Claudius. He considers the Ghost may be a, â€Å"spirit of health or goblin damned" (1.5). He is intelligent in this decision because if it were not a holy ghost he could be damned for killing Claudius. The Prince, Hamlet, has several opportunities to kill Claudius which he fails to capitalize on. One of the opportunities is while Claudius is praying at church. Hamlet is astute and decides against killing the King, because he is purged of his sins. The Prince is unsure of Claudius’ guilt up to the point of the play, â€Å"The Murder of Gonzago† (2.2). *Preventing the king from going to Heaven and the need to confirm the King’s guilt are two valid reasons Hamlet delays killing the King. Hamlet has many internal conflicts which also prevent him from killing the King. *He becomes obsessed with proving he has an antic disposition which draws focus away from his goal of killing the King; Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving he has an antic disposition. This draws focus away from his goal of killing the King. Hamlet also becomes enraged at his mother for marrying his uncle. Both proving Hamlet has an antic disposition and his obsession with his mother only add t... Free Essays on Hamlet Motivation Free Essays on Hamlet Motivation Hamlet’s Delayed Action *Hamlet is an emotional human being who feels guilt, remorse, and has responsibilities; he also feels pride and a sense of duty. Hamlet’s indecisiveness in killing Claudius is justified through the nature, actions, and beliefs of many characters. The Ghost, Hamlet’s father, explained his death and instructed Hamlet to kill Claudius. Hamlet describes the Ghost as, "My father's spirit in arms! All is not well" (1.2). Hamlet says in act one, scene five, â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge† (1.5). Hamlet feels passionate about his role until he has time to recollect. Upon recollection Hamlet considers that this may be an evil ghost so he delays killing Claudius. He considers the Ghost may be a, â€Å"spirit of health or goblin damned" (1.5). He is intelligent in this decision because if it were not a holy ghost he could be damned for killing Claudius. The Prince, Hamlet, has several opportunities to kill Claudius which he fails to capitalize on. One of the opportunities is while Claudius is praying at church. Hamlet is astute and decides against killing the King, because he is purged of his sins. The Prince is unsure of Claudius’ guilt up to the point of the play, â€Å"The Murder of Gonzago† (2.2). *Preventing the king from going to Heaven and the need to confirm the King’s guilt are two valid reasons Hamlet delays killing the King. Hamlet has many internal conflicts which also prevent him from killing the King. *He becomes obsessed with proving he has an antic disposition which draws focus away from his goal of killing the King; Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving he has an antic disposition. This draws focus away from his goal of killing the King. Hamlet also becomes enraged at his mother for marrying his uncle. Both proving Hamlet has an antic disposition and his obsession with his mother only add t...

Its All About Accuracy

Its All About Accuracy It’s All About Accuracy It’s All About Accuracy By Mark Nichol During my editing career, I’ve corrected some significant factual errors in manuscripts before they were published mistakes that would have compromised the authority of a book or a magazine or newspaper article, or at least embarrassed its author. (Aw, shucks, don’t mention it it’s my job.) I’ve also probably overlooked a few. And I’ve introduced some in my own writing: In one book review, I identified the author by the wrong first name. In another, I gave Canis domesticus as the scientific name for the dog. (It’s Canis familiaris, or Canis familiaris domesticus, or Canis lupus familiaris.) In a recent post, I relied on my very limited knowledge of French to address a comment to mon amis, rather than to mes amis. (My editor caught the two book-review errors, and a few of this site’s readers called me on the friendly faux pas, as some have done with other infelicities of mine.) So it is as a sympathetic peer, not as a sneering superior, that I entreat you to practice due diligence in optimizing the accuracy of your writing. Analyze Your Errors Do you consistently make the same types of errors? Misspelling of people’s names? Erroneous wording of lengthy job titles or organizational names? Math mistakes? Record and tally your errors, and resolve to triple-check every instance in your problem area(s). And don’t rely on the popular media for this information. Go to the source an individual’s or organization’s website or to a respected reference work. If you are math challenged, consult with a computationally adept ally. Keep a Checklist For every article or blog post or other piece of content you write, produce a checklist from a master template you keep on your computer or in your hard-copy files. On this list, direct yourself to check names and titles of people, names and locations of places, URLs, numbers and math, and definitions and explanations. Verify quotes, and check for spelling and grammar errors (and for spell-checking errors). When you interview or consult with someone, ask them to spell their personal information. (My surname is the least common of several variants, so I always spell it out over the phone without prompting. Many people with unusually spelled names do the same, but a surprising number don’t.) Confirm all other details and information with objective resources. Keep track of Web links and other access to information. And especially if you’re writing about recondite or controversial topics, ask people you interview to identify situations in which other writers introduced errors into their articles so that you can avoid passing fumbled facts along. Delete Your Ego How many of you have read an article about something you have inside knowledge about and noticed factual errors? I know I have. Understand that accuracy in reporting is a problem endemic to professional and amateur writing alike. But determine to be someone who does something about it. Acknowledge and correct your errors. If your sources are unreliable (facts or findings contradict the prevailing understanding) or subjective (an expert spins facts to support their viewpoint), jettison them and obtain more reliable ones. Always verify. (Follow the time-honored warning to reporters: â€Å"If your mother says she loves you, check it out.†) And cultivate your skepticism; don’t let impressive job titles or institutional names or other trappings of infallibility distract you from seeking the truth. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Discussing Censorship and the First Amendment Essay

Discussing Censorship and the First Amendment - Essay Example It shows the US president how he played with the American people's sentiments after the terrorist attack in New York and Washington by fortifying his own agenda of oil manipulation. The movie depicts what manipulative tactics he did to win the Florida primaries the last deciding factor for president ship during 2001 elections. His family's relationship with various Arabic tycoons from around the world especially the Saudi royal family, his family stake on oil cartel market, relations to US biggest enemy's family the eminent Saudi fugitive billionaire etc. The first amendment clearly states the freedom for all to do or to say whatever he/ she may wish for. While as in the land of the free as this film was due for release Disney decided not to distribute "Fahrenheit 911". Miramax studios had been told by parent company Disney that it had decided to ban distribution of the film. The reason was according to Disney executive it was that it was not in the interest of any major corporation to be dragged into a highly charged partisan political battle. Moore said that he hoped that he would have been able to put his work out to the public without having to experience the profound censorship obstacles he has seen often seem to encounter," Moore wrote in the statement on his site. "Some people may be afraid of this movie because of what it will show," Moore wrote. "But there's nothing they can do about it now because it's done, it's awesome, and if I have anything to say about it, you'll see it this summer because, after all, it is a free country." Miramax had bought the film last May when Mel Gibson's Icon Pictures backed out, triggering complaints by conservatives to Disney. Overseas distribution rights have already had been sold. "Fahrenheit 911" was one of the movies at the Cannes film festival. Now people seem to ask what the sheer motivation to prevent its release was. The film portrayed deep resentments which prevailed in US society about the motives at which the Bush administration went to war over a lousy issue of weapons of mass destruction which turned out to be false as no weapons were found while young Americans continue to die everyday leading the toll to a massive 2200 soldiers. It shows interviews of GIs and of families of the fallen who live in utter miseries and now have to live with the fact that their loved one has died for a fallen cause. It shows the deep mistrust in joining the

Change and Culture - Case Study 2 Research Paper

Change and Culture - Case Study 2 - Research Paper Example The change might be in the process done individually or by team, in which it requires adoption and flexibility to succeed in coping with changes. During 1990s, healthcare organization suffers from abrupt changes which require the role of middle managers in the status of restructuring. The change that the healthcare organization wants to create is the restructuring of the job elements to make the work environment more motivating which is called job redesign. Job redesign is an ongoing process which entirely depends on the cooperation of its workers in delivering for a satisfactory input (Cronshaw & Fine, 2003, p. 320). This is often the move if the organization wants to reduce and cut the cost of work force without affecting the demand of product or services and have the employees give their best (Strong, 2010). This work process is not simple in the healthcare organization and it needs a thorough assessment because if it is not carefully planned it might lead to a decreased clinical quality, reduced patient satisfaction and increased staff turnover (Murphy, 1996, p. 1). So that the high demand of services in the healthcare organization will be met even if there is a reduction in force, the administration will be using the universal worker to alleviate staff shortages. These are healthcare providers that are more flexible in different assignments and will provide better services without facing difficulties. The main thrust of this paper is to present the steps on how job redesign is being done. Healthcare organizations always seek for what will be the best in terms of its patient care delivery (Singleton, 2002, p. 505). The restructuring of quality, cutting of cost, and patient care delivery is dependent on the input of its staff members. Most often, resistance is present in the process especially in changing of roles and relationships. Also, this paper gives emphases on the structures and communications used by Peter Senge in its learning

Difference between ETAR and CCC in Calculation of Dose

Difference between ETAR and CCC in Calculation of Dose Abstract Aims: According to the limitations of TPSs dose calculation algorithms, it is important to verify their calculations and to find the amount of differences of their results with actual delivered dose in the patient body for all of radiation situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to choose for use in routine radiation treatment planning. Materials and Methods: After validation of simulated Linacs head in water phantom as a homogeneous medium, the modeled head verified in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary gland area irradiation. In the second part, ETAR and CCC algorithms were compared for 2 lateral parallel opposed and one oblique (45 degree) fields (3Ãâ€"3 cm2) irradiations at 18 MV using 30 º physical wedge. Results: Our results showed that there are significant difference between ETAR and CCC in calculation of delivered dose in pituitary irradiation. Also, none of the algorithms can predict actual dose in air cavity areas, except Monte Carlo method. Conclusions: As differences between algorithms may have effects on quality of treatment, it is important to evaluate algorithms to choose the best one for use in clinical situations. MC method is a great evaluation tool for comparison of clinical dose calculation algorithms. Keywords: Treatment planning system, Dose calculation algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation, ETAR, CCC Introduction The main objective of radiation therapy is to deliver the maximum possible dose to the target tumor with minimum dose to the normal surrounding tissues [1]. To achieve this, a good understanding of the dose distribution in irradiated tissue and most importantly, experimental verification of this distribution is needed. During the actual radiation treatment planning in clinics, dose distribution calculated by treatment planning systems (TPS). Any deviation in these calculated distribution would lead to difference in patients delivered dose and would have an important effect on quality and effectiveness of the radiotherapy treatment. Most of dose calculation algorithms in TPSs are inaccurate in radiation disequilibrium conditions such as near tissue inhomogeneity like near air cavities and bone-soft tissue interfaces for small and complex radiation fields [2-5]. Therefore, it is important to validate this dose calculations. Common validation is performed by comparisons with measured data which their reliability depends on measurement situations and instruments and several other aspects. So, there are some limitations in this kind of validation such as the fact that it is impossible to verify the dose calculations in some parts of patients body for example in brain irradiation. Currently, it is well known that the Monte Carlo (MC) is the most accurate method for dose calculation [6-10] and with the advancement of computer technology, dose calculation algorithms based on the MC method have the potential to be used to calculate the delivered dose in radiotherapy clinics. But, due to the time consuming process of the full MC calculations and some of the limitations in speed of computers in clinics [11], it is still impossible to use full MC in routine clinical calculations. However, it is most powerful technic to verification of TPSs dose calculations [12-14]. According to mentioned limitation of TPSs dose calculation algorithms, it is important to verify their calculations. There are several studies on MC validation of common dose calculation algorithms in homogeneous medium and simple and also complex radiation fields [15-22], but because of the several complex situations in clinical irradiations, it is important to find the amount of differences of dose calculation algorithms results with actual delivered dose in the patient body for all of these situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to choose for use in radiation treatment planning process. In this article, we compared two dose calculation algorithms of CorePLAN TPS for computed tomography (CT) images of a patient with pituitary adenoma. The algorithms were equivalent tissue-air ratio (ETAR) and collapsed cone convolution (CCC) which are routinely used in radiation treatment planning. The project divided in to two parts: validation of MC model in homogeneous and heterogeneous medium, and comparison of ETAR and CCC algorithms with MC as a gold standard. After validation of simulated head of the medical linear accelerator (Linac) in water phantom as a homogeneous medium, the modeled head verified in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary gland area irradiation. In the second part, ETAR and CCC algorithms were compared to MC simulation for planned pituitary radiation same as one in Rando phantom. Materials and Methods Monte Carlo Simulations The EGSnrc [23] user code BEAMnrc [24] was used to model an 18 MV beam from a Varian 2100C/D (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The Linac was modelled with different component modules (CM). Table-1 shows these components and their materials. The schematic geometry showing the CMs are shown in figure-1. The 3D image created by EGS_WINDOWS [25] program. In this study, ISOURC==19 was used for modelling the incident electron beam. This source is a circular beam with 2-D Gaussian distribution of particles. ECUT and PCUT parameters which used to define the global electron and photon cutoff energy, were set to 0.7 MeV and 0.01 MeV. Also, Electron Range Rejection with ESAVE value of 0.7 MeV in the target and ESAVE-GLOBAL=2 MeV and Directional Bremsstrahlung Splitting with NBRSL=750 were used to minimize the simulation time. Phase Space data were created for open 10 Ãâ€"10 cm2 photon beam and the percent depth dose (PDD) and profiles of measured and simulated data were used for verification of the beam energy and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the incident electron beam in 30 Ãâ€" 30 Ãâ€" 30 cm3 water phantom using DOSXYZnrc code [26]. To drive best estimates for the energy and FWHM of the incident electron beam, the method which introduced by Sheikh-Bagheri and Rogers [27] were used. For comparison between calculations and measurements, all curves were normalized to the center of the field for dose profiles and the depth of dose maximum for the PDD curves. This procedure is suggested by Pemler et al. [28] for MC calculated dose distributions of single electron fields. Differences between the calculated and measured curves for dose profiles, were compared in terms of dose difference (DD) in the low dose gradient areas, and distance to agreement (DTA) in millimeter (mm), in the high dose gradient. For both of Rando phantom and patient studies, CT images of phantom and the patient were used by CTcreate program to make *.egsphant file for irradiation by ISOURC=8 in DOSXYZnrc code. Radiation Treatment Planning The study was done for Rando phantom and one clinical case CT images originally calculated with equivalent tissue-air ratio algorithm (ETAR) by CorePLAN treatment planning system for pituitary gland radiotherapy. Two other dose algorithms were used: collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and Monte Carlo program, BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes. The dose calculation algorithms were compared for 2 lateral parallel opposed and one oblique (45 degree) fields (3Ãâ€"3 cm2) irradiations at 18 MV using 30 º physical wedges. Figure 2 shows designed radiation plan for Rando phantom and patient CT images. Dose Distributions In Monte Carlo simulation, dose distributions were calculated with DOSXYZnrc that were used as a benchmark and in Rando phantom study, radiographic (Kodak EDR2) and radiochromic (Gafchromic EBT2) films used to obtain planar dose distributions. All films scanned with Microtek 9800XL scanner. Gafchromic EBT2 films scanned 24 h after irradiation [29]. As the pituitary gland is placed in level 3 in Rando phantom (see figure 3), dose calculations and measurements were compared for the delivered dose in surfaces between layers (2,3), (3,4) and (4,5), in terms of 2D isodose curves. All measurements were repeated three times. Results Validation of Monte Carlo For validation of Monte Carlo simulation, results were compared with measurements in water phantom and 18.2 MeV and 1.5 mm for energy and FWHM of the incident electron beam shows the best match with measurements. Figure 4 shows PDD and dose profile for mentioned energy and FWHM. For PDD curve, dose difference was below 1% and for dose profile, DD and DTA were 0.97%  ± 0.65 and 1.71 mm  ± 1.08 for open field and 1.23%  ± 1.09 and 1.79mm  ± 0.96 for wedged field. Evaluation of Monte Carlo simulation in Rando phantom Simulated Linac were evaluated by comparison with EBT2 and EDR2 film dosimetry in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary radiation treatment dose calculations. This part of the study performed to make sure that simulated Linac have an acceptable performance in a heterogeneous medium similar to the patient body, where measurement of the delivered dose is impossible. Totally, differences between Monte Carlo and film measurements were 4.93%  ±0.87 for all of the layers. These differences were 4.62%  ± 1.37 for EBT2 films and 5.03%  ± 0.49 for EDR2 film dosimetry. Also, there were 1.2% difference between EBT2 and EDR2 results. Patient study results The final purpose of this study was evaluation of ETAR and CCC dose calculation algorithms in almost small size complex radiation wedged fields. To achieve this, Monte Carlo simulation used as a gold standard to compare these algorithms. Figure 5 shows results of the radiation treatment planning using Monte Carlo method, ETAR and CCC dose calculation algorithms. The differences between Monte Carlo and dose calculation algorithms were 6.40%  ± 3.44 (range: 3.8% to 10.3% ) for CCC and 10.36%  ± 4.37 (range: 5.5% to 13.9% ) for ETAR. Discussion Dose calculation algorithms in treatment planning systems have an important role in radiation oncology departments. Any inaccuracy in predicting dose distribution in patients body will change the quality of the treatment. So, it is important to find the suitable algorithm for dose calculations in radiation therapy process. New algorithms which commonly used in TPSs, beside of their improvements in calculation, may have appreciable inaccuracies in some clinical situations such as small fields, electron disequilibrium and interfaces between different densities [7]. In this study, the differences between CCC and ETAR algorithms were compared to MC simulation results which considered as a gold standard. The study was done for a patient case with pituitary adenoma. To achieve this, the project divided in to two parts. The first step was validation of modelled Linac head in water and Rando phantom as homogeneous and heterogeneous medium. Results of simulated head in water phantom showed that the best match between simulated results and measurement data will appear when energy and FWHM of incident electron beam was set to 18.2 MeV and 1.5 mm, respectively. These amounts were in the range of their resulted amounts in previous MC studies [27, 30-32]. There are several recommendations for evaluate the accuracy of dose calculations in various areas with high or low dose gradient[33-38]. Our results for open and wedged fields in water phantom were in agreement with recommended amounts by Venselaar et al.[33] for dose profiles and also differences between measured and simulated results were under 2 percent recommended in previous studies for PDD curves[12, 27, 33, 39]. Evaluations in Rando phantom study showed 4.93%  ±0.87 for all of the EBT2 and EDR2 layers in comparison with MC simulation. This difference was little than 7% discrepancy reported by Brualla et al.[40] and was more than Dobler et al.[16] results which reported 3% difference between MC and film dosimetry in heterogeneous medium. There would be two reasons for this difference. The first one is the gaps between Rando phantom layers which made by placing the film between them. These gaps are larger for EDR2 films because of the thickness of their cover. While, in MC simulation these distances would not considered in calculations. The second one is the fact that in high density tissues such as bone, as the number of the scattered secondary electrons increases, delivered dose will decrease and this will considered in MC calculations. Because this method considers all of the interactions occur in that tissue and calculates the delivered dose in it. But in film dosimetry, film density is equal to the soft tissue density and bone scatter electrons will cause an increment in delivered dose in the film and this may lead to a disagreement between MC and film dosimetry. Film dosimetry have uncertainties pertinent to several factors such as nonuniform thickness of the sensitive layer, temperature effects, scanner uncertainty and its warm up effect[41-43]. There was 1.2% difference between EBT2 and EDR2 films. EDR2 films are light sensitive and were cut in a dark room; However, this low light may have effects on measurements. Also, EDR2 film processing have remarkable effects on the results while there is no need to process the EBT2 films. Final results showed about 6.4% difference for CCC algorithm and about 10.3% for ETAR algorithm in comparison to MC simulation. Chow et al.[44] evaluated the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and CCC in heterogeneous phantom for tangential photon beam. They showed that the mean dose differences between MC and CCC was about 4.6% for 15 MV photon beam with 7Ãâ€"7 cm2 field size. Polednik et al. [17] in comparison between pencil beam (PB) and collapsed cone (CC) algorithms in an anthropomorphic phantom, reported that there is about 6% difference between CC algorithm calculations and measurements. Our results are close to their findings and also Calvo et al. [19] results which reported about 5.6% differences for CCC in comparison with MC. Figure 5 shows that none of the algorithms could predict the actual dose in air cavity except MC. This difference is larger for ETAR. This is due to this fact that ETAR algorithm uses the ratio of two tissue-air ratio (TAR) for inhomogeneity correction and in definition, TAR is ratio of absorbed dose in a given depth in absorbent material to the same depth in a small air region in electron equilibrium situation. Therefore, this algorithm assumes that there is electron equilibrium in all points. So, in bone-air interfaces which there in no electron equilibrium, ETAR will have fault in dose calculations [45]. Also, ETAR only considers primary and scattered photons and doesnt consider the secondary electrons. Hence, it cant evaluate the electron disequilibrium [12, 46-50]. While, CCC models electron transport and will predict the effects of electron disequilibrium in heterogeneous interfaces [51]. Our results showed that CCC algorithm as a model based dose calculation algorithm, have a better agreement with MC simulation and the results of this study confirms the previous studies [15, 52-56]. In conclusion, as differences between algorithms may have effects on quality of treatment, it is important to evaluate algorithms to choose the best one for use in clinical situations. MC method is a great evaluation tool for comparison of clinical dose calculation algorithms. Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by grant no. 90-04-30-15948 to S. R. Mahdavi from the deputy of research of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The data presented here are provided from the K. Tanhas MSc thesis. The authors would like to thank Dr. M. Sohrabpour from Sharif university of technology for his support on this study and physics staff of radiotherapy department of Pars Hospital at Tehran, Iran for their assistance.

Education and Religion Essay

1. Education and Religion were the two major foundations on which Charlemagne fortified his empire. The emperor had a profound love for the knowledge passed down by older civilizations. Specifically, he studied the culture and language of Ancient Greece and Rome, was able to speak Latin as fluently as his native tongue and could understand Greek very well and speak it a little. Under Alcuin he studied theoretics, dialectics and astronomy. He also tried to collect ancient manuscripts wherever they could be acquired which kept the knowledge of the ancients alive. Charlemagne employed religion as a unifying factor in his empire. He sought to convert to Christianity all the countries he had conquered. The Carolingian Empire was mainly agriculture based. He built roads to facilitate travel from one point of his empire to another. He relocated people from densely populated areas of the empire to the sparsely populated areas to even out the rate of production as well as he could and minimize the transport of necessities.. Lending with interest was forbidden. In general, our modern nations are still following Charlemagne’s strategy for agriculture with the focus on infrastructure development in poor countries, especially in Africa. The arbitrary relocation of people is somewhat of a problem. In the Philippines, squatters in the city who had been relocated to the provinces would not stay there since since communal agricultural labor is no longer in practice due to great possibility of land disputes arising from that arrangement. The squatters would have no job in the province and would return to the big city. the conduct of commerce and trade however, Charlemagne made no considerable contribution. Today, religious freedom is advocated globally. However, although not subscribing to the religion of the country you work in is not prohibited, subscribing to it provides a definite advantage. Many Overseas Contract Workers have converted to the religion of their host country to curry favor to its authorities. 2. In 1076, muslims captured Jerusalem on the pretext that the holy stone on which Muhammad prayed was there. But since Jerusalem was also the place where Jesus Christ died, Christian Europe organized campaigns to recapture it from the muslims. There were crusaders however who joined the campaigns for personal gain and riches to be found in the middle east. The crusades had both negative and positive effects. Many lives were killed, treasures were stolen, hatred was born between the Muslim and Christian peoples. On the other hand, Europe gained much by their introduction to the exotic treasures from the middle east like spices, brassware,rugs and silks which helped it boost its trade. Today we still see repercussions of the Crusades in the prolonged conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians, a conflict which has largely implicated their allies in the modern world. 3. Research reveals 83% of learning is acquired visually and only11% through hearing. divided among the other sense organs. The retention of learning is lowes with purely audio learning, higher with visual learning and highest with audio-visual learning. In other words, learning by sound is really second in rank to learning by vision it did not become so because of the use of audio-visual techniques in education. The reverse is true. Advertisers have resorted to audio-visual devices because learning and retention of information is optimum in that mode.